Their experience of poverty or exclusion is the product of discrimination related to failures in the socio-economic regulation during the transition period and to new inequalities generated by the operation of the market economy.ġ1 A first exclusion process takes roots directly in the change of production’s organisation as people who used to be integrated in the planned urban economy become excluded with the decline of public enterprises. ġ0 The “new” poor form a more heterogeneous category of people. They were taken in charge by the government who would provide them basic support. The disabled, the long-term sick and the elderly who could not get support from their family members were considered, at the time, the only persons to fall outside the employment and consumption protection provided by the planned economy. ĩ The “traditional” poor is the group known in the centrally planned system as the “3 no’s” households : no income source, no ability to work and no family to support them. In reference to the evolution of the social context, a distinction between “traditional” poverty and “new” poverty is often used in the literature. ” Ĩ To elucidate which people fall into urban poverty the definition of poverty must be clarified. “ Neglecting the difference between developed and developing countries might lead to a failure in addressing the main issues faced by large groups or even the majority of the population and only pay attention to the minority vulnerable only to a less extent. But the situation is different in developing countries. ħ Also, the concept of social exclusion, as shaped in developed countries, implies that the socially excluded are not the majority in terms of population. In this definition social exclusion does not only include people who are poor in terms of income, but all “ those who are being denied political, social and economic rights, putting them in a very vulnerable position and under constant threats to their life and property ”. In the United Nations Development Program, “ social exclusion is defined as lack of recognition of basic rights, or where there is recognition, lack of access to political and legal systems necessary to realise the rights ”. First, he notes that social exclusion is too often understood as an economic destitution, failing to take into account politically and socially-based exclusion. ĥ The reforms, as well as the on-going economic transition that followed, also changed the problem of social exclusion as new forms of poverty and exclusion appeared.Ħ When considering the concept of social exclusion Li reminds that it needs to be redefined before it is used in the context of contemporary China. The intent was to achieve greater economic efficiency by gradually replacing the centrally planned system with a market regulation allowing independence in production and consumption decisions. Justification of such changes was mainly economic, although it carried deep political implications. In this system, the economy is nat (.)Ĥ The reforms that started 30 years ago removed many controls of the planning era 3. 3 From 1953 to 1978, China is ruled by a socialist planned regime.Il semble que chaque type de pauvreté appelle des réponses différentes, en fonction de la localisation dans l’espace urbain, mettant ainsi en valeur l’importance des structures spatiales héritées ainsi que le potentiel de chaque lieu. L’article analyse le rôle de l’environnement dans les différents modes d’exclusion sociale et la façon dont les gens gèrent leurs situations. Ces changements surviennent dans un contexte spatial qui porte encore les marques d’une organisation sociale et économique passée. Nous avons étudié cette question dans le contexte de Nankin, une ville de l’Est chinois affectée par ces rapides changements économiques et sociaux. Les facteurs qui en sont la cause peuvent être vus comme le résultat d’une superposition entre les réformes récentes et des structures urbaines sociales et spatiales héritées. En Chine, la transition entre deux systèmes économiques s’accompagne d’un accroissement des inégalités et de la création de nouvelles formes de pauvreté et de marginalisation sociale.
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